Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning

Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning Mayer describes multimedia as modern presentation modes (text, pictures etc.) and different modalities (visual, auditory etc.) that are presented by an integrated technical system such as computer and internet. According to Mayer, multimedia learning refers to learning from words and pictures and multimedia instruction refers to the presentations of words and pictures. We see that Mayer describes the differences between multimedia learning and multimedia instruction. According to his description, multimedia instruction is the learning material which presents words and pictures that are intended to promote learning whereas multimedia learning refers to the learner constructed knowledge that builds mental representations from these words and pictures; that is, multimedia instruction. Mayer (2009) states three views of multimedia messages. Multimedia messages can be based on the delivery media such as amplified speaker and computer screen presentation modes such as words and pictures, or sensory modalities such as auditory and visual. In the first view, it is clearly seen that delivery media is technology centered and focus is on technology rather than learners; that is, the focus is on the devices used to present information rather than on how people learn. The other views are learner centered. These views are consistent with learner centered approach and based on cognitive theory of learning on how people learn. Moreover, these two views are consistent with constructivist learning which is based on actively constructed knowledge rather than passively transmitted and gathered. The only distinction between these views is the sensory modalities view of multimedia is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans have separate information processing channels for auditory and visual processing whereas presentation modes view is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial knowledge. In the following figure, Mayer (2009) describes his cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Figure: Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning This cognitive theory of multimedia learning is based on three assumptions (2009): dual channels: there are separate channels for processing visual and auditory experiences and information in humans memory limited capacity: each information channel is limited in its ability to process the amount of information and experiences at one time active processing: processing experience and information in channels is an active process designed to construct coherent mental representations According to this model, the learner must engage in the five cognitive processes or steps in order for meaningful learning to occur in multimedia environment. First, learner selects the relevant words for processing in verbal working memory. Then, learner selects relevant images for processing in visual working memory. After that, learner organizes selected words into a verbal mental model and selected images into a visual mental model. Finally, learner integrates work based and image based representations as well as prior knowledge (Mayer, 2009). Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on Paivios (1986) dual coding theory, Swellers (1988) cognitive load theory, Baddeleys (1992) model of working memory, Mayers (1996) SOI model of meaningful learning and Bruners constructivist theory. The working memory model explains what happens to information after it is perceived by the sense organs and suggests that there are separate slave systems such as phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information (Baddeley, 1992). Dual coding theory is built on the working memory model and suggests that humans have two separate systems for representing verbal and nonverbal information. This verbal and nonverbal information is processed differently and in separate channels and although these systems are structurally and functionally independent, they are also interconnected (Paivio, 1986). Cognitive load theory points the findings from studies about dual coding theory; for example, information processing system is consist of two independent channels for processing and representing information which are limited in their capacity and suggests that learning happens best under conditions that are aligned with human cognitive architecture. Cognitiv e load theory is concerned with the way cognitive resources are focused and used during learning and problem solving (Sweller, 1988). Although Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on many theories, Mayers multimedia theory is specifically based on Paivios dual coding theory which basically assumes that humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial information for auditory and visual messages. According to Mayers theory, the learner has a visual and verbal information processing system. For example, auditory narration goes into the verbal information processing system whereas animation goes into the visual information processing system. Since dual coding theory is built on the working memory model of Baddeley and working memory includes verbal and visual channels which are phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information, we can also say that Mayers theory is consistent with Baddeleys one. Mayer also uses Swellers cognitive load theory to understand how humans learn and humans cognitive limitations for processing information. By using cognitive load theory, Mayer suggest that presenting too many elements such as words and pictures in multimedia material can lead to overload to be processed in visual or verbal information processing systems. Mayer also supports the theory of constructivist learning. By considering constructivist learning theory, Mayer suggests that cognitive construction and active learning depends on the cognitive processing of the learner during learning process. For example, learner constructs new knowledge by using active learning methods such as actively and mentally engaged in learning processes although passively sitting in the chair and watching a presentation. Mayers also use his SOI model of meaningful learning while building cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In this model, learners are again knowledge constructors who pay attention to relevant words and pictures in multimedia message in order to produce meaningful learning and organize the information in coherent verbal and pictorial model, and integrate it with prior knowledge. By his theory, first, Mayer has contributed to establishing a cognitive theory of multimedia learning which builds on how people learn. Mayers theory also continues to contribute greatly to establishing theories and principles about learning in multimedia environment. Also, his theory and principles are a great resource for instructional designers to consider the cognitive processes related with learning. Instructional designers need to consider the learners and their memory capacities. They need to design their learning materials to maximize the focus on learning activities and minimize the learners attention to activities which are not directly related to learning. When considering new delivery media technologies such as mobile phones, tablet pcs and smart phones, I think future researches need to be conducted to evaluate the multimedia by using this theory in a real world context or new derivatives of theories need to be developed from Mayers one to adapt it to recent real life co nditions.

College Radio Struggles to be Heard :: School Entertainment Essays

College Radio Struggles to be Heard â€Å"Ten watts of fury,† screams current WBCN nighttime deejay Deek, as he sits in his Boylston street studio. Ten watts, which is low by today’s radio standards, certainly doesn’t describe the Infinity-owned rock station that hands him his bi-weekly paycheck. However, it does describe the place where he, along with so many other deejays, got their start on the road to a professional radio career -- college radio. Less than two miles away from WBCN stands the center of Deek’s on-air jokes. â€Å"Ten watts of fury,† WRBB, is Northeastern’s student and community radio station. The community half of that description is often left out, but it clearly shouldn’t be. College radio has always been an outlet for students to learn about industry, while also using it as a tool to voice their opinion. â€Å"It’s a chance to vent, plain and simple,† said Evan â€Å"Slippy† Schneider, a WRBB deejay. â€Å"Where else can college kids speak to large crowds and (whine) and moan about the runarounds NU gives us?† The large crowds Schneider speaks of don’t accurately reflect the typical college radio audience. â€Å"We realize there are only so many people you can reach with a two-mile signal,† said current WRBB Station manager Kristen Aldrich. "That’s why we make a conscious effort to involve the community.† With increasing restrictions in rules and regulations of college stations, any type of involvement of outside university members would seen beneficial. â€Å"I think we’re one of the few stations who allow ‘community members’ to have their own show,† says Aldrich. â€Å"It’s great to get on-air personalities with a different perspective. Another reason to listen to WRBB.† The Boston radio scene has changed a great deal since WRBB’s inception in 1968. Amid all of the corporate turnover and company buyouts, college radio in Boston is often left out of the important radio history of the ninth-largest media market in the country. Like any medium, there have been numerous changes to the sound of Boston radio over the years. According to some, the digital revolution, involving modern technology, has become the largest change the radio industry has had to deal with. As difficult as it may be for stations to adjust to these changes, it is even harder for college stations. For years lack of funding and state-of-the-art equipment has become the largest obstacle for college stations. Recently the state of college radio has been influx due to programming and copyright issues that have affected the sound of local programming.

Essay About Twttin

Hint, Bryon Douglas, who needs to go through his personal journey, has a friend, Mark, who is a tedious person who is endangering Bryon, and causes Bryon to aka a life-changing decision in order to fully mature; I once had to go on a profound personal journey to adapt to middle school. In this â€Å"then† period, Bryon was influenced by Mark. For example, on page 23, Bryon and Mark had the following conversation still in the mood for a little action? ‘Sure' said† By â€Å"action† Mark meant fighting.This shows that Mark influenced Bryon. He was probably so influenced by Mark who was his best friend from childhood. Mark grew into a manipulative and disarming teen. Bryon was doing illegal and irresponsible actions, but he felt bad about hem. However Mark,had no regrets. In Baryon's current lifestyle he is a calm person who stands up for the right and legal things. At this time, he is no longer friends with Mark because Mark was in prison due to Baryon's callin g the cops on Mark for selling drugs.On page 154 Bryon narrated â€Å"l ended up with straight As that semester†¦ † After his transformation, he had better logic. L developed and changed in order to survive middle school by pacing my work. I became more earnest about how much time I have to complete something and when I should start. In conclusion, Bryon matured because he abandoned Mark and made a personal exploration of who he really is; I made a rough choice for the better to adapt to middle school.Byron made his personal journey by calling the police on Mark as an act of self preservation because Byron saw Mark doing something really dangerous, and realized that he did not want to be Mark's friend. Knew it was a bad idea to put things off to the last minute, even though it pained me to give up on my free time. Change is inevitable.

Intelligence Cycle Essay Example

Intelligence Cycle Essay Example Intelligence Cycle Essay Intelligence Cycle Essay INTELLIGENCE CYCLE Name: Institution: Date: Intelligence Cycle The intelligence cycle is the process through which information is collected and disseminated for use by policy makers. Ordinarily, intelligence results from a series of several activities that are interrelated and some times carried out at different levels, adding up to a cycle. The six activities or phases of the intelligence cycle include direction and planning, collection, processing and exploitation, production, dissemination and integration and finally continuous evaluation. The series, however, do not always occur sequentially. Although this is the cycle, it does not always happen as so and neither does it work all the time. It is not a very good description of the ways in which the intelligence process works. Additionally, it ignores two main parts of intelligence work, counterintelligence and covert action[1]. This brings the question of how intelligence cycle should work. One way that the intelligence cycle should work is through allowing the intelligence gaps to drive the intelligence collection. The intelligent managers are usually aware of the intelligent gaps that exist[2]. Therefore, intelligence managers should, â€Å"determine how the information required for the production of intelligence is collected†[3] at the planning stage. Currently, intelligence collection is guided by policy makers. This is an incorrect way of starting the intelligence process. Policy makers often do not know what gap exists within the intelligent database. In simpler terms, policy makers are not aware of what they do not know or rather the gap existing in the intelligence. Therefore, they are in no circumstance to guide the intelligence process. On the other hand, intelligence managers are aware of what intelligence is available and what is not available[4]. Thus, they are aware of the gaps existing from the collectors as well as analysts. Therefore, the intelli gence gaps identified should guide the intelligence process and not the policy makers although they can raise the specific topic of their concern. Another way that the intelligence cycle should work or one would expect it does is ensuring that intelligence collectors and analysts work together towards the same goal. Unfortunately, this is not the case and the two departments work independent from each other[5]. This happens because of various concerns about intelligent information such as security concerns, sources that are compromising and other issues that prevent the two departments from sharing information freely. Considering that intelligent collectors are deployed at the field gathering data while analysts analyze the data to make better judgments, feedback is required in order to know what information is valuable and what needs to be collected. This presents a major problem that needs to be changed to allow information sharing between the intelligence analysis and intelligent collection. After the analysis of information from the intelligence analysts, the analysis or intelligence is passed to policy makers who use such information for making decisions concerning the issues at hand. In many cases, the Directors of National Intelligence are kept out of deliberations concerning policy matters. It is crucial to note that none of the policy makers could understand the intelligence better than the Directors of National Intelligence. â€Å"It is the DNI, responsible for and knowledgeable of the intelligence judgments on major issues†¦[6]† Therefore, DNI should be included in the policy making as advisors since they have a better understanding of the intelligence used to make such policies. Additionally, the DNI should be working with other departments that are responsible for developing security programs in order to make full use of the intelligence gathered as well as get a better feedback about success of intelligence gathered[7]. As discussed, intelligence is quite important to policy makers for making decisions concerning national matters. However, the current intelligence cycle is not working as it is explained in reality. One of the ways it should work is ensuring that the first stage is not driven by policy makers who only have an idea about intelligence gaps. Rather, it should be driven by intelligence gaps as identified by the intelligence managers who are aware of the gaps. Secondly, intelligence collection and analysis should work in a parallel way where both share information as opposed to working in sequential as well as independently from each other. Finally, DNIs should be included in the process of policymaking since they have a better understanding of the intelligence and can help in achieving full benefit of the intelligence to the country by advising policymakers. Bibliography Blair C. Dennis. â€Å"Ten Years after 9/11: Is Intelligence Reform Working? Part II.† U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. May 19, 2011. Hulnick S. Arthur. â€Å"What’s Wrong With the Intelligence Cycle?† Praeger Security International. 2013. http://psi.praeger.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/doc.aspx Keithly M. David. â€Å"Intelligence Fundamentals.† Homeland Security and Intelligence. June 15, 2013. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10399189?ppg=54 [1] Arthur S. Hulnick, â€Å"What’s Wrong With the Intelligence Cycle?† Praeger Security International, 2013, http://psi.praeger.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/doc.aspx

How to Self-Publish on Amazon With KDP †The Master Guide

How to Self-Publish on Amazon With KDP - The Master Guide How to Self-Publish a Book on Amazon So, you're an independent author who's ready to put out your newest work - and now you want to know how to self-publish a book on Amazon,  the grand hub of e-commerce and the original online bookstore. In this day and age, there’s no better way to make your book quickly available to the general public, not to mention that  self-publishing  allows you to take home more royalties than traditional publishing.Indeed, self-publishing could be the key to your authorial success  - and we want to help you get there! Which is why we've written this step-by-step tutorial, which will take you through the entire process of self-publishing on Amazon and provide  crucial tips on how to maximize your book’s market appeal. How to self-publish a book on Amazon in 10 simple steps ðŸ“â€" Kindle Direct Publishing Before we dive into the tutorial, let's talk about Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP): Amazon’s self-publishing service. The KDP platform is what you’ll use to put your book up on Amazon. You'll also monitor your sales and stats from your KDP dashboard in the coming weeks and months. In other words, if you’re even remotely considering the Amazon self-publishing route, it’s good to familiarize yourself with KDP first. Here are the answers to the biggest questions you might have about Kindle Direct Publishing:

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example e analysis making out why there are variations in a budget and subsequently creating strategies to address the problem (Laureate Education Inc, 2012). The fact that analyzing the budget reflects the internal financial situation or performance denotes how variations can be identified. Catherine Schneider, your writing also clearly explains the value of variance analysis in decision making. I concur that variance analysis enhances accountability (Zelman, McCue and Glick, 2009) as it is similarly the case in my organization. Analyzing the budget will help identify departments where variations are occurring and the department manager is answerable for any mismanagement of funds. This drives the departmental managers into making more effective pronouncements in terms of staffing and supportive action plans such as trainings to improve employees skills and abilities. This clearly shows that variance analysis determines how managers make decisions. In other words, it forces managers to make more effective decisions. I also agree that variance analysis may reveal the need to expand the budget and give data and information to support the claim. This means that decisions to expand a budget is dependent on budget

Creative Process Assignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creative Process Assignment - Article Example Ideas sometime needs inspiration forexample a personmay have a dream which gives them an idea. This idea has to be worked on immediately thus this person has to wake up in the middle of the night to right down these ideas lest they forget. Normal situations like taking a shower, watching a film or walking in the streets have a tendency of producing big ideas. In my own perspective everybody is creative if they decide to put their mind to it (Jaffe, 2003). Butif we look at the history of creativity which is the cornerstone of advertisements big ideas, we find out that the minds ability to be creative has been overshadowed(Griffin & Morrison, 2010). Creativity is a tough thing for most people yet it is very important in the contemporary society(Jaffe, 2003). Creativity is a process that seeps into the mind of the people. Everybody has their own creative process since each mind is unique thus ideas are born differently(Griffin & Morrison, 2010). I have my own creative process which I use to deliver my big ideas and I have to know my process just like an artist knows his tools. Novelty is my number one tool that I use before even starting the creative process(Griffin & Morrison, 2010). I do not necessarily have to have the idea at hand but if I have novelty I can always come up with new ideas which bring dynamism to the advertising world. My creative process involves four significant stages with the first stage being preparation(Griffin & Morrison, 2010). The preparation stage is where in my opinion makes the creative process tough. An example is when you see a person walking down the street you don’t look twice or remember him or her a few seconds after they have, passed. Why? Because it is ordinary, it is normal nothing stands out worth remembering(Jaffe, 2003). Now this same concept must be played in creativity in advertising. The preparation part means that I have to find out something new, something